Emacs: Reference Card
Starting Emacs
To enter GNU Emacs 24, just type its name: ``emacs`` To read in a file to edit, see //Files//, below.
Leaving Emacs
suspend Emacs (or iconify it under X) C-z exit Emacs permanently C-x C-c
Files
read a file into Emacs C-x C-f save a file back to disk C-x C-s save all files C-x s insert contents of another file into this buffer C-x i replace this file with the file you really want C-x C-v write buffer to a specified file C-x C-w
Getting help
The Help system is simple. Type ``C-h`` and follow the directions. If you are a first-time user, type ``C-h t`` for a tutorial.
remove Help window C-x 1 scroll Help window ESC C-v apropos: show commands matching a string C-h a show the function a key runs C-h c describe a function C-h f get mode-specific information C-h m
Error recovery
abort partially typed or executing command C-g recover a file lost by a system crash M-x recover-file undo an unwanted change C-x u or C-` restore a buffer to its original contents M-x revert-buffer redraw garbaged screen C-l
Incremental search
search forward C-s search backward C-r regular expression search C-M-s reverse regular expression search C-M-r select previous search string M-p select next later search string M-n exit incremental search RET undo effect of last character DEL abort current search C-g Use ``C-s`` or ``C-r`` again to repeat the search in either direction. If Emacs is still searching, ``C-g`` cancels only the part not done.
Motion:
entity to move over backward forward
character C-b C-f word M-b M-f line C-p C-n go to line beginning (or end) C-a C-e sentence M-a M-e paragraph M-- M-" page C-x [[| C-x ]] sexp C-M-b C-M-f function C-M-a C-M-e go to buffer beginning (or end) M-< M-> scroll to next screen C-v scroll to previous screen M-v scroll left C-x < scroll right C-x > scroll current line to center of screen C-u C-l
Killing and deleting
entity to kill backward forward character (delete, not kill) DEL C-d word M-DEL M-d line (to end of) M-0 C-k C-k sentence C-x DEL M-k sexp M-- C-M-k C-M-k kill region C-w copy region to kill ring M-w kill through next occurrence of char M-z char yank back last thing killed C-y replace last yank with previous kill M-y
Marking
set mark here C-@ or C-SPC exchange point and mark C-x C-x set mark arg words away M-@ mark paragraph M-h mark page C-x C-p mark sexp C-M-@ mark function C-M-h mark entire buffer C-x h
Query replace
interactively replace a text string M-% using regular expressions M-x query-replace-regexp
Valid responses in query-replace mode are:
replace this one, go on to next SPC
replace this one, don't move ,
skip to next without replacing DEL
replace all remaining matches !
back up to the previous match ^
exit query-replace ESC
enter recursive edit (C-M-c to exit)
Multiple windows
delete all other windows C-x 1 delete this window C-x 0 split window in two vertically C-x 2 split window in two horizontally C-x 3 scroll other window C-M-v switch cursor to another window C-x o shrink window shorter M-x shrink-window grow window taller C-x ^ shrink window narrower C-x - grow window wider C-x " select buffer in other window C-x 4 b display buffer in other window C-x 4 C-o find file in other window C-x 4 f find file read-only in other window C-x 4 r run Dired in other window C-x 4 d find tag in other window C-x 4 .
Formatting
indent current line (mode-dependent) TAB indent region (mode-dependent) C-M-" indent sexp (mode-dependent) C-M-q indent region rigidly arg columns C-x TAB insert newline after point C-o move rest of line vertically down C-M-o delete blank lines around point C-x C-o join line with previous (with arg, next) M-^ delete all white space around point M-" put exactly one space at point M-SPC fill paragraph M-q set fill column C-x f set prefix each line starts with C-x .
Case change
uppercase word M-u lowercase word M-l capitalize word M-c uppercase region C-x C-u lowercase region C-x C-l capitalize region M-x capitalize-region
The minibuffer
The following keys are defined in the minibuffer: complete as much as possible TAB complete up to one word SPC complete and execute RET show possible completions ? fetch previous minibuffer input M-p fetch next later minibuffer input M- n regexp search backward through history M-r regexp search forward through history M-s abort command C-g
Type ``C-x ESC ESC`` to edit and repeat the last command that used the minibuffer. The following keys are then defined:
previous minibuffer command M-p next minibuffer command M-n
Buffers
select another buffer C-x b list all buffers C-x C-b kill a buffer C-x k
Transposing
transpose characters C-t transpose words M-t transpose lines C-x C-t transpose sexps C-M-t
Spelling check
check spelling of current word M-$ check spelling of all words in region M-x ispell-region check spelling of entire buffer M-x ispell-buffer
Tags
find a tag (a definition) M-. find next occurrence of tag C-u M-. specify a new tags file M-x visit-tags-table regexp search on all files in tags table M-x tags-search run query-replace on all the files M-x tags-query-replace continue last tags search or query-replace M-,
Shells
execute a shell command M-! run a shell command on the region M-_ filter region through a shell command C-u M-_ start a shell in window *shell* M-x shell
Rectangles
copy rectangle to register C-x r r kill rectangle C-x r k yank rectangle C-x r y open rectangle, shifting text right C-x r o blank out rectangle M-x clear-rectangle prefix each line with a string M-x string-rectangle
Abbrevs
add global abbrev C-x a g add mode-local abbrev C-x a l add global expansion for this abbrev C-x a i g add mode-local expansion for this abbrev C-x a i l explicitly expand abbrev C-x a e expand previous word dynamically M-/
Regular expressions
any single character except a newline . (dot)
zero or more repeats *
one or more repeats +
zero or one repeat ?
any character in the set [[|: : :]]
any character not in the set [[^|: : :]]
beginning of line ^
end of line $
quote a special character c "c
alternative ("or") "_
grouping "( : : :")
nth group "n
beginning of buffer "`
end of buffer "'
word break "b
not beginning or end of word "B
beginning of word "<
end of word ">
any word-syntax character "w
any non-word-syntax character "W
character with syntax c "sc
character with syntax not c "Sc
Registers
save region in register C-x r s insert register contents into buffer C-x r i save value of point in register C-x r SPC jump to point saved in register C-x r j
Info
enter the Info documentation reader C-h i
Moving within a node:
scroll forward SPC scroll reverse DEL beginning of node . (dot)
Moving between nodes:
next node n previous node p move up u select menu item by name m select nth menu item by number (1-5) n follow cross reference (return with l) f return to last node you saw l return to directory node d go to any node by name g
Other:
run Info tutorial h list Info commands ? quit Info q search nodes for regexp s
Keyboard Macros
start defining a keyboard macro C-x ( end keyboard macro definition C-x ) execute last-defined keyboard macro C-x e append to last keyboard macro C-u C-x ( name last keyboard macro M-x name-last-kbd-macro insert Lisp definition in buffer M-x insert-kbd-macro
Commands dealing with Emacs Lisp
eval sexp before point C-x C-e eval current defun C-M-x eval region M-x eval-region eval entire buffer M-x eval-current-buffer read and eval minibuffer M-ESC re-execute last minibuffer command C-x ESC ESC read and eval Emacs Lisp file M-x load-file load from standard system directory M-x load-library
Simple Customization
Here are some examples of binding global keys in Emacs Lisp. Note that you cannot say ““M-#”; you must say ”“e#”.
(global-set-key ""C-cg" 'goto-line) (global-set-key ""C-x"C-k" 'kill-region) (global-set-key ""e#" 'query-replace-regexp)
An example of setting a variable in Emacs Lisp:
(setq backup-by-copying-when-linked t)
Writing Commands
(defun command-name (args) "documentation" (interactive "template") body)
An example:
(defun this-line-to-top-of-window (line)
"Reposition line point is on to top of window.
With ARG, put point on line ARG.
Negative counts from bottom."
(interactive "P")
(recenter (if (null line)
0
(prefix-numeric-value line))))
The argument to interactive is a string specifying how to get the arguments when the function is called interactively. Type C-h f interactive for more information.
Reference Card's Copyright
Copyright c 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
designed by Stephen Gildea, May 1993 v2.0
for GNU Emacs version 19 on Unix systems
Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of this card provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
For copies of the GNU Emacs manual, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139.